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José Oswald de Souza Andrade (January 11, 1890 – October 22, 1954) was a Brazilian poet and polemicist. He was born and spent most of his life in São Paulo. Andrade was one of the founders of Brazilian modernism and a member of the Group of Five, along with Mário de Andrade, Anita Malfatti, Tarsila do Amaral and Menotti del Picchia. He participated in the Week of Modern Art (''Semana de Arte Moderna''). Andrade is very important too for his manifesto of critical Brazilian nationalism, ''Manifesto Antropófago'' (''Cannibal Manifesto''), published in 1928. Its argument is that Brazil's history of "cannibalizing" other cultures is its greatest strength, while playing on the modernists' primitivist interest in cannibalism as an alleged tribal rite. Cannibalism becomes a way for Brazil to assert itself against European postcolonial cultural domination. The ''Manifesto's'' iconic line is "Tupi or not Tupi: that is the question." The line is simultaneously a celebration of the Tupi, who had been at times accused of cannibalism (most notoriously by Hans Staden), and an instance of cannibalism: it eats Shakespeare. On the other hand, some critics argue that Antropofagia, as a movement) was too heterogeneous to extract overarching arguments from it and that often it had little to do with a post-colonial cultural politics (Jauregui 2018, 2012) Born into a wealthy bourgeois family, Andrade used his money and connections to support numerous modernist artists and projects. He sponsored the publication of several major novels of the period, produced a number of experimental plays, and supported several painters, including Tarsila do Amaral, with whom he had a long affair, and Lasar Segall. His role in the modernist community was made somewhat awkward, however, by his feud with Mário de Andrade, which lasted from 1929 (after Oswald de Andrade published a pseudonymous essay mocking Mário for effeminacy) until Mário de Andrade's untimely death in 1945. ==Selected works== *''Alma (1922) *''Manifesto Pau-Brasil'' (1924) *''Pau-brasil'' (poems, 1925) *''Estrela de absinto'' (1927) *''Manifesto Antropófago'' (1928) *''Meu Testamento'' (1944) *''A Arcádia e a Inconfidência'' (1945)) *''A Crise da Filosofia Messiânica'', (1950) *''Um Aspecto Antropofágico da Cultura Brasileira: O Homem Cordial'' (1950) *''A Marcha das Utopias'' (1953) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Oswald de Andrade」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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